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We explored how adolescent marijuana edible users differ in regards to marijuana use and related beliefs from marijuana users who do not use edibles. We analyzed California Healthy Kids Survey data collected in one Northern Califo...
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We explored how adolescent marijuana edible users differ in regards to marijuana use and related beliefs from marijuana users who do not use edibles. We analyzed California Healthy Kids Survey data collected in one Northern California school district with a racially and ethnically diverse student population. Survey respondents were youth in grades 9-12. Overall, 33% of respondents reported having used marijuana in their lifetime, and 50% of lifetime marijuana users reported using marijuana in the past 30 days. Seventy-two percent of lifetime marijuana users and 82% of past month marijuana users reported having used edibles in their lifetime. Comparing marijuana users who have never used edibles to those users who have, we found that edible users reported using marijuana more frequently in their lifetime. Edible users were also more likely to have used marijuana in the past 30 days, more frequently in the past 30 days, more likely on school property and more frequently on school property. Edible users and non-users differed in their perceptions of risk; edible users were less likely to agree that edible use is very risky. Edible users also reported a younger age of first marijuana use and more attempts to stop using marijuana than non-edible users. Multi-level regression analyses indicate that prevalence of edible use among marijuana users was related to perceived risk of edible use. Perceived risk of edible use among marijuana users was higher among marijuana users who do not use edibles, females, and those youth who perceive school rules to be clear. The findings indicate that prevalence of edible use is high among marijuana users, especially frequent users.
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State-level marijuana liberalization policies have been evolving for the past five decades, and yet the overall scientific evidence of the impact of these policies is widely believed to be inconclusive. In this review we summarize...
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State-level marijuana liberalization policies have been evolving for the past five decades, and yet the overall scientific evidence of the impact of these policies is widely believed to be inconclusive. In this review we summarize some of the key limitations of the studies evaluating the effects of decriminalization and medical marijuana laws on marijuana use, highlighting their inconsistencies in terms of the heterogeneity of policies, the timing of the evaluations, and the measures of use being considered. We suggest that the heterogeneity in the responsiveness of different populations to particular laws is important for interpreting the mixed findings from the literature, and we highlight the limitations of the existing literature in providing clear insights into the probable effects of marijuana legalization.
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Recent research indicates that marijuana-infused food product (i.e., edible) use is becoming nearly as common as smoking marijuana where medical marijuana is available. This study explores edible use among teens. We conducted four...
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Recent research indicates that marijuana-infused food product (i.e., edible) use is becoming nearly as common as smoking marijuana where medical marijuana is available. This study explores edible use among teens. We conducted four focus groups in the San Francisco Bay Area with youth, ages 15-17. The focus groups were divided by gender and whether they used marijuana. Some teens mentioned edible use at school. Youth reported that teens consume edibles, primarily to reduce the likelihood of getting caught. Edibles are also attractive to those who do not like to smoke or have concerns about smoking. Both male and female respondents suggested that females are more likely than males to prefer edibles over smoking, one reason for which may be to avoid smelling like marijuana smoke. For some young women, edibles may be a way to avoid publicly presenting themselves as marijuana users. Findings also suggest that youth have access to edibles through multiple sources. Youth reported that they can purchase edibles at school from other students who either make the edibles themselves or are reselling edibles obtained from dispensaries. Both users and non-users were aware of potentially negative consequences related to edible use. Some youth mentioned that they have heard of youth dying from edibles, and several reported being concerned about the high produced by edibles. Female non-users appeared to be more concerned than others about edibles and compared them to drinks that could be spiked with drugs. However, sentiment among some male marijuana users was that if you cannot handle edibles you should not be using them. These findings suggest that strategies to curb access to edibles and use among youth, such as restricting sales of edibles with strong youth appeal and educating youth on the risks of edibles, will need to be developed.
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History has shown instances of products and services, which have, and in some cases still are, moving from illicit to legal by their associated regulatory systems. While not ‘new’ in the sense that these are entirely new to cons...
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History has shown instances of products and services, which have, and in some cases still are, moving from illicit to legal by their associated regulatory systems. While not ‘new’ in the sense that these are entirely new to consumers, these products are ‘new’ to the markets they become a part of. These products and services operate in peculiar ways as they transition to established and/or licit markets and have unique adoption hurdles to overcome because of the negative stigma that typically surrounds them. Using the U.S. marijuana market as an empirical setting, this research examines a novel type of products, which we term de-stigmatising products. We introduce the concept of de-stigmatising products to new product and innovation literature and examine the de-stigmatisation of a product in regulatory flux. While results show that traditional new product constructs (e.g., product quality and consumer opinion leadership) influence the adoption of de-stigmatising products, we find that the perception of the social acceptability of de-stigmatising products - a new construct developed for this study - provides additional explanatory power on adoption of de-stigmatising products and in turn, the adoption of really new products. We also find that social acceptability of de-stigmatising products moderates traditional product adoption constructs. Important theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are also discussed.
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Objective: Cannabis policies are rapidly evolving in the US. This study's purpose was to examine relationships between cannabis harm perceptions, substance use, and demographic characteristics on attitudes toward cannabis policies...
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Objective: Cannabis policies are rapidly evolving in the US. This study's purpose was to examine relationships between cannabis harm perceptions, substance use, and demographic characteristics on attitudes toward cannabis policies. Participants: Participants were 619 undergraduate students in a Mid-Atlantic state where cannabis use was illegal. Methods: In 2016, participants completed a cross-sectional survey. Multinomial logistic regressions tested associations between attitudes toward cannabis policies (recreational cannabis use, use in private, or public) while controlling for harm perceptions, substance use, and demographics. Results: The majority (64%) of participants supported recreational cannabis legalization, while 78% supported private and 29% supported public use. Perceiving cannabis as less harmful and current cannabis use were positively associated with supporting all three cannabis policies. Conclusions: Results highlight diversity of young adults' opinions regarding specific cannabis policies and underscore relationships between cannabis use behaviors, harm perceptions, and support for legalization that may inform policy making and prevention efforts.
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Purpose: To determine whether use of alternative tobacco products (i.e., cigars, blunts, hookah, smokeless tobacco), alcohol, and marijuana differs among adolescents who currently use (1) electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes); (2) ...
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Purpose: To determine whether use of alternative tobacco products (i.e., cigars, blunts, hookah, smokeless tobacco), alcohol, and marijuana differs among adolescents who currently use (1) electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes); (2) cigarettes only; and (3) never smokers.
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Background: Edible marijuana products have become extremely popular in states that have legalized marijuana for recreational use. Objectives: The goal of this research was to provide a better understanding of consumer perceptions ...
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Background: Edible marijuana products have become extremely popular in states that have legalized marijuana for recreational use. Objectives: The goal of this research was to provide a better understanding of consumer perceptions of edible marijuana products, including why they prefer edibles relative to other forms of marijuana (e.g., smoking) and their concerns regarding the consumption of edibles. Methods: We conducted eight focus groups (four groups in Denver, Colorado, and four groups in Seattle, Washington) in February 2016 with 62 adult consumers of edibles. Focus group transcripts were coded in QSR NVivo 10.0 qualitative analysis software, and coding reports identified trends across participants. Results: Most participants preferred edibles to smoking marijuana because there is no smell from smoke and no secondhand smoke. Other reasons participants like edibles included convenience, discreetness, longer-lasting highs, less intense highs, and edibles' ability to aid in relaxation and reduce anxiety more so than smoking marijuana. Concerns and dislikes about edibles included delayed effects, unexpected highs, the unpredictability of the high, and inconsistency of distribution of marijuana in the product. No participants in either location mentioned harmful health effects from consuming edibles as a concern. Conclusions/Importance: The present study was qualitative in nature and provides a good starting point for further research to quantify through surveys how consumers understand and use edibles. Such information will help guide policy makers and regulators as they establish regulations for edibles. Also, such research can help inform educational campaigns on proper use of edibles for recreational purposes.
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Venue-based distribution of marijuana has become the normative model in the United States to obtain marijuana. This study examines one-time purchase behaviors at medical marijuana dispensaries (MMDs) to identify potential venue- a...
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Venue-based distribution of marijuana has become the normative model in the United States to obtain marijuana. This study examines one-time purchase behaviors at medical marijuana dispensaries (MMDs) to identify potential venue- and individual-level targets for prevention.We used a two-stage, venue-based sampling approach to randomly select patrons exiting 16 MMDs in Los Angeles, California during the spring of 2013. Patrons (N=595) reported their discrete purchase behaviors during their most recent visit to the sampled MMD. We used hierarchical linear modeling to examine the amount spent on marijuana products, regressed on characteristics of the sampled dispensaries and their patrons. We used hierarchical generalized linear modeling to examine the likelihood of purchasing specific types of marijuana products and total grams of loose-leaf buds purchased. Patrons spent US$41.73 on average, with a range of $0-$330. We observed significant variation in purchase behaviors across MMDs and associations between venues located within high median income census tracts and a higher total amount spent and lower odds of purchasing only loose-leaf buds. The networked distance between a patron's home and the sampled MMD was positively associated with the total amount spent and total quantity of buds purchased. We also found significant relationships between medical conditions reported for use in three models: total amount spent, purchase of pre-rolled joints, and total grams of buds purchased. Policy makers may want to explore regulating the availability of specialty items that may be attractive to naive users, such as pre-rolled joints or edibles, or high-concentration products that may be sought out by regular, heavy users.
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Considering the ancient importance of cannabis and the current trend toward its deregulation worldwide, it is imperative to develop best management practices to legitimize the crop. The genetic backgrounds of commercially-sold var...
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Considering the ancient importance of cannabis and the current trend toward its deregulation worldwide, it is imperative to develop best management practices to legitimize the crop. The genetic backgrounds of commercially-sold varieties must be determined in order to standardize the products produced from them and to efficiently improve them for future needs. Currently the genetic backgrounds of most cannabis varieties are unknown or suspect. It is possible that some are merely clones of other varieties. By utilizing modern tools of genetic analyses, the identities of all or most existing varieties, as well as their parentages, will be determined. As with all major crops, understanding varietal identity is a crucial step required to modernize the cannabis industry. This article describes and explores the derivation of 601 modern varieties in order to provide a fundamental point of reference for scientists to study cannabis genetics in the future.
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In the United States, the evolving landscape of state-legal marijuana use for recreational and/or medical purposes has given rise to flourishing markets for marijuana and derivative products. The popularity of these products highl...
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In the United States, the evolving landscape of state-legal marijuana use for recreational and/or medical purposes has given rise to flourishing markets for marijuana and derivative products. The popularity of these products highlights the relative absence of safety, pharmacokinetic, and drug interaction data for marijuana and its constituents, most notably the cannabinoids. This review articulates current issues surrounding marijuana terminology, taxonomy, and dosing; summarizes cannabinoid pharmacology and pharmacokinetics; and assesses the drug interaction risks associated with co-consuming marijuana with conventional medications. Existing pharmacokinetic data are currently insufficient to fully characterize potential drug interactions precipitated by marijuana constituents. As such, increasing awareness among researchers, clinicians, and federal agencies regarding the need to conduct well-designed in vitro and clinical studies is imperative. Mechanisms that help researchers navigate the legal and regulatory barriers to conducting these studies would promote rigorous evaluation of potential marijuana-drug interactions and inform health care providers and consumers about the possible risks of co-consuming marijuana products with conventional medications. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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